Quadruple phase watermarking during high level synthesis for securing reusable hardware intellectual property cores

Abstract

Reusable hardware intellectual property (IP) cores play a significant role in the modern system on chip (SoC) designs. However, raging threats of IP piracy and IP ownership infringement sabotage revenue and reputation of genuine IP vendors. This paper presents a novel quadruple phase watermarking for securing hardware IP cores during high level synthesis (HLS). The proposed approach introduces several novelties: graph partitioning, encoding tree, and eightfold mapping to generate a robust watermarking signature. Further, embedding signature during four phases of HLS viz. scheduling, register binding, resource binding and interconnect binding leads to a high-quality watermark. The proposed results indicate multiple times lower Pc and higher tamper tolerance than previous approaches, at negligible design cost overhead. We achieved improvements in Pc and tamper tolerance up to 1018 and 1052 times respectively than related works. Finally, security and design cost tradeoff for various signature strengths is presented. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd