Structural origin of fracture-induced surface charges in piezoelectric pharmaceutical crystals for engineering bulk properties

Altering surface chemistry of functional materials is an attractive route to enable large property enhancements without sacrificing overall structural-order, appealing to diverse fields of application sciences; however, the same remains unexplored for organic crystalline materials. Herein, piezoelectricity in pharmaceutical crystals is reported to show colossal surface charges driven by mechanical fracture — where a collection of dipoles arranged in polar head-to-tail fashion generates opposite surface charges on freshly fractured faces — causing them to actuate large distances over 75 µm in milliseconds. Kelvin probe force microscopy is leveraged to show many-fold surface potential enhancement in fractured surfaces relative to the pristine crystals. Further, complementarity of the surface potentials in a pair of fractured crystal shards and asymptotic decay behaviour with time are observed. Newly formed surfaces of the pharmaceutical crystals show long-lasting charges despite their relatively lower piezo-response confirmed by bulk piezometry. To establish the generality of surface phenomena, statistical analyses (≈50 samples) of post-fracture-attraction behaviour of crystals are performed. Finally, the application of fracture-driven surface charges in industrial processes is achieved by investigating flow-property and tablet-strength of bulk pharmaceutical materials. This multiscale approach unveils the symmetry-dependency of surface charges in fractured materials, and probes the same for utilisation in bulk-property engineering. © The Author(s) 2025.