Polyethylenimine mediated synthesis of copper-iron and nickel-iron hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles and their electroanalytical applications

Abstract

We report herein polyethylenimine mediated synthesis of copper-iron hexacyanoferrates (Cu[sbnd]Fe HCFs) and nickel-iron hexacyanoferrates (Ni[sbnd]Fe HCFs) nanoparticles from single precursor potassium ferricyanide [K3[Fe(CN)6]]. It has been found that Cu2 + or Ni2 + are converted in respective mixed metal hexacyanoferrate (Cu[sbnd]Fe HCF or Ni[sbnd]Fe HCF) nanoparticles having average size of 5 nm to 30 nm in the presence of K3[Fe(CN)6], polyethylenimine (PEI), and HCl at 60 °C in 3 h with following major findings: (i) the process allow to control the desired molar ratio of Cu:Fe or Ni:Fe in the respective mixed metal hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles justifying controlled transition of Prussian blue character to respective metal hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF/NiHCF) as evidenced from cyclic voltammetric measurements, (ii) the process also allow the conversion of similar nanoparticles when K3[Fe(CN)6] is replaced by K4[Fe(CN)6] with poor electrochemical behaviour, (iii) the process also allow the synthesis of Cu[sbnd]Fe HCFs/Ni[sbnd]Fe HCFs at 25 °C in 4 days and within 2 h at 90 °C with significant variation in electrochemical behaviour of respective nanomaterial, (iv) Cu[sbnd]Fe HCFs show better electrocatalytic activity for dopamine and H2O2 sensing while the same for Ni[sbnd]Fe HCFs is better for hydrazine sensing, and (v) both Cu[sbnd]Fe HCF and Ni[sbnd]Fe HCF nanoparticles display good homogeneous catalytic activity as peroxidase mimetic with Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) to the order of 1.5 mM and 4.2 mM respectively. The as made nanomaterials have been characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.