A review on recent insights of azoreductases mediated dye degradation: A sustainable approach for bioremediation of industrial wastewater

Abstract

Increased industrialization and consumer demands, led to production and usage of dyes in diverse industries, where 10–15 % of dyes released into water bodies due to ineffective treatment. The high toxicity and carcinogenic nature of dyes, necessitate the development of eco-friendly, cost competitive techniques. A bioremediation approach, involving the oxidoreductase class of enzymes, azoreductases, prevalent in various microorganisms play a remarkable role in dye degradation by the reduction of azo bonds into less toxic. The reduction of azo bonds and subsequent conversion of aromatic amines play a pivotal role in degrading dye pollutants by harnessing Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) or Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) as cofactors. This review article discusses on the structure and classification of azoreductases, elucidating the possible mechanism involved in azoreductases-assisted degradation. It extensively explores influencing parameters associated with azoreductases activity and investigates its application across various industries for dye removal. Furthermore, this paper discusses challenges linked to azoreductases-mediated dye degradation, encompassing considerations such as reusability, stability, cost, and requirement for electron donors. This article also sheds light on future perspectives offering insights into potential advancements in wastewater treatment methodologies. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd