Microbial Players: Unveiling the Role of Gut Microbiome in Migraine

Abstract

This chapter explores the current finding upon keynote mechanism of gut microbiota and migraine. The researches have been evolved through the multimodal area of pathophysiology, which emphasize upon the involvement of gastrointestinal metabolites in central nervous system modulations. The intestinal imbalance depends upon the multiple risk factors such as metabolite imbalance, gastrointestinal dysbiosis, and different diseased conditions (Celiac disease) related to the gut layer interruptions. The pathophysiology has also been extended through various pathways such as neurotransmitters pathways (histamine, serotonin, and neurotensin), metabolite pathways (sphingomyelin), and related gut–neuro–immune modifications. These mechanisms involve gut interactions through blood vessels, neurotransmitters, immunity-exchange, and different metabolite markers at the central nervous system. Although, the exact mechanisms behind these pathways have not been elucidated, these ways helped in multiple conditions to develop the effective treatment approach. Potential therapeutics encompasses probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantations, short chain neuropeptides and metabolites, and antibiotic interventions. Furthermore, the therapy has also scrutinized the relationship of diet in gut–migraine treatment. Therefore, this chapter ranges over the multimodal origin of gut–migraine pain, which will emphasize the potential risk factors, pathophysiology, and different treatment options. This will also offer the holistic understanding upon identified knowledge and potential direction for future research frontiers and drug discovery. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.