Organ-targeted drug delivery systems (OTDDS) of poly[(N-acryloylglycine)-co-(N-acryloyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester)] copolymer library and effective treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract

Organ-targeted drug delivery systems (OTDDS) are essential for the effective treatment of complicated diseases. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive cancer with high mortality and requires targeted therapeutics. This work was aimed at designing a library of polymeric OTDDS with N-acryloyl-glycine (NAG) and N-acryloyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester (NAPA) [p(NAG-co-NAPA)(x:y)] and screening its in vivo organ-targeting specificity. Among this library, the best p(NAG-co-NAPA)(x:y) NPs with an x : y ratio of 1 : 4 and size of 160-210 nm targeted breasts to a high extent compared to other organs and thus were optimized for TNBC treatment. A network pharmacology study was performed, which revealed that 14 genes were responsible for TNBC, and a combination of DHA (targets 6 genes) and piperine (targets 8 genes) drugs was used to optimize the formulation, achieving the maximum therapeutic efficiency against TNBC with an IC50 value of 350 μg mL−1. The designed organ-specific polymeric nanoparticle (NP) library, identification of target genes and proteins responsible for TNBC, and the optimized formulation for effective combination therapy established an effective therapeutic option for TNBC. The findings of this work further demonstrate that this polymeric library of NPs shows exciting therapeutic potential for treating TNBC and presents innovative treatment options for critical diseases of the liver, heart, lungs and kidney. © 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry.