From shape to function—bioprinting technologies for tissue engineered grafts to meet clinical needs

Abstract

The bottom-up approach of 3D bioprinting uses biopolymeric bioink along with the defined cells and allows to engineer 3D tissues/organs. The process is multistep, comprising upstream designing of matrix blueprints, bioinks, crosslinking strategies, and downstream maturation of construct using a bioreactor. The present review aims to provide a holistic picture of the various phases in 3D bioprinting, the methods used, and their clinical applications, such as in regenerative medicine, disease study, drug testing, and in situ bioprinting. Also, highlighted upgraded versions of 4D and 5D printing for better biomimetic properties and uses of 3D nanoprinting technology for effective tissue reconstruction. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.