Nano- and Nano-Biochar: Overview, Production, and Characteristics

Abstract

The global climate is shifting due to emissions of greenhouse gases and changes in agricultural practices. The atmosphere is being exposed to an increasing number of carbon-based molecules and pollutants as a result of human population growth, expanding factory output, and expanding agronomic practices. As a result, not only is wasted energy produced, but the atmosphere is also contaminated. With suitable techniques and management, these emissions could be converted to charcoal solids. Such carbon-based materials, often known as “biochar,” are used in a wide range of industries, particularly agricultural production. Because of its crystalline characteristics, biochar can also be referred to as nano biochar (NBC). By using certain procedures, biochar can be transformed into NBC. In this case, the physiological and biological attributes of this valuable substance improve while better methods are used to reduce pollution discharges, remediate soil, produce energy, and manage waste. The planting area has recently expanded in an effort to increase crop yield. Scientists and farmers are now seeking ways to increase productivity per unit area as this technique has changed significantly. However, in other cases, increased production per unit area puts pressure on the cultivated land. If the situation is not properly managed, the soil will be overharvested of these essential nutrients, and eventually, the topsoil will be depleted of them. In certain circumstances, it is best to incorporate soil treatments. The soil is given various modifications to help with its physicochemical and biological features. Biochar is one of these materials that also improves the effectiveness of fertilizers and irrigation water. NBC enhances the conditions for crop growth and aids in effective soil conservation. © 2025 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.