Smartphone-Based Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Patients Utilizing Enhanced Chemiluminescence Imaging Technique

Abstract

The current study aims for a simple, rapid, and smartphone-based enhanced chemiluminescence (eCL) technique for sensitively detecting glucose in human urine. Herein, 1,3-propanedithiol cross-linked gold nanoparticles (GNPs-PDT) via a simple reduction method is synthesized. Further, it is characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized GNPs-PDT is found to possess oxidase mimetic activity and generate superoxide radicals from dissolved oxygen, which causes the oxidation of luminol to give a strong and stable CL signal. On the introduction of glucose into the reaction system, a CL quenching phenomenon is observed owing to the tendency of superoxide radicals to oxidize glucose into gluconic acid. Employing the quenching effect of glucose on the eCL signals, a sensor is designed for glucose detection in human urine samples. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method works in a dynamic range from 0.25 to 2 mM (R 2 = 0.98) with a detection limit of 0.36 mM. In addition, a simple and portable smartphone-based imaging technique analyzed by Image J software for eCL-based glucose sensing is proposed. The developed proof of concept provides good correlations of glucose detection in diabetic patients. © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.