Nano-bioengineered sensing technologies for real-time monitoring of reactive oxygen species in in vitro and in vivo models

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species are produced as a by-product of the animal cellular metabolism and play an important function in cell signaling. Uncontrolled reactive oxygen species production is coupled with the evolution of acute diseases, namely, diabetes, cancer, tumors, cardiovascular and several neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and aging. Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals are the most frequently involved reactive oxygen species in various human diseases. Several traditional approaches such as fluorescence spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) are available for detection of reactive oxygen species. However, these techniques have certain limitations, including a lack of miniaturization, onsite analysis, and time-consuming protocols. In the recent past, biosensing technology has emerged as the major approach for tracking the level of reactive oxygen species in vitro and in vivo. The goal of this review is to scrutinize recent biosensors for monitoring various reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the progression of nanotechnology and biomimetic engineering in biosensing are portrayed in this review which also provides a direction for future prospects. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.